q1088

R-SET NOT_EQUAL

european_football_2 · mini_dev_postgresql from https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json

The question

Please list the names of the players whose volley score and dribbling score are over 70.

the hint the set supplies: volley score are over 70 refers to volleys > 70; dribbling score refers to dribbling are over 70 refers to dribbling > 70;

NOT_EQUAL states that these two statements disagree on this data under this rule. It does not state which of them is wrong.

read by hand, 2026-09-04: A a wrong answer the benchmark credited: another table or projection; a scalar repeated per row of an unrelated table; a list at least twice the answer's length where the question asks for the things, not the rows

gold DISTINCT over 1,105 names; the prediction returns 15,429

a maintainer's reading of this question, out of classification.json, copied from plans/reports/prediction-mode-260904-real-predictions/classification.json. It is not a verdict and nothing above it was computed from it.

The statements

gold

SELECT DISTINCT t1.player_name FROM Player AS t1 INNER JOIN Player_Attributes AS t2 ON t1.player_api_id = t2.player_api_id WHERE t2.volleys > 70 AND t2.dribbling > 70

this statement states no ordering of its own

sha256:62e29ab34660c506a9ef8785f0e034013c175e2d010b32396768fc32ea5f4383

second

SELECT Player.player_name
FROM Player
JOIN Player_Attributes ON Player.player_api_id = Player_Attributes.player_api_id
WHERE Player_Attributes.volleys > 70 AND Player_Attributes.dribbling > 70

this statement states no ordering of its own

sha256:02acb6b0fe4fed0a89fe17a5480ba45979e64cc56cf142ee6946119b09ad76d6

The marked tokens are where the two texts differ. Two statements that differ everywhere can return the same rows, and two that differ in one token can return other rows; the verdict above is read off the results.

The rows they differ in

in gold, not in the prediction, 0 rows

from counterexample.json, 0 rows, up to 25 shown per side

side player_nametext
no rows

in the prediction, not in gold, 14,324 rows

from counterexample.json, 14,324 rows, up to 25 shown per side, 25 on this page

sidetimes player_nametext
second50 Claudio Marchisio
second47 Thierry Henry
second46 Alessio Cerci
second45 Mario Balotelli
second45 Obafemi Martins
second44 Landon Donovan
second42 Antonio Di Natale
second42 Rodrigo Palacio
second41 Alberto Aquilani
second41 Riccardo Montolivo
second40 Goran Pandev
second40 Kaka
second40 Nani
second39 Antonio Candreva
second39 Fabio Quagliarella
second39 Francesco Totti
second39 Paul Pogba
second38 Clint Dempsey
second38 Hamit Altintop
second38 Hernanes
second38 Kevin-Prince Boateng
second38 Marco Reus
second38 Robbie Keane
second37 Carlos Tevez
second37 Hatem Ben Arfa

What the benchmark would have said

BIRD's own check: 1

set(second_rows) == set(gold_rows), float4/float8 cells as Python float as psycopg2 returns them, numeric as Decimal

https://github.com/bird-bench/mini_dev/blob/main/evaluation/evaluation_ex.py

gold_rows
1105
second_rows
15429
gold_distinct_rows
1105
second_distinct_rows
1105

the test-suite check: 0

result_eq: equal row counts and equal column counts, each row unordered as a quick rejection, then the two equal as a list when the gold text holds ORDER BY and as a multiset otherwise, under some permutation of the columns; DISTINCT is not stripped and re-executed, and the cells are PostgreSQL's as psycopg2 returns them

ruiqi-zhong/test-suite-sql-eval, exec_eval.py, result_eq, at commit 48cb78ec: https://github.com/ruiqi-zhong/test-suite-sql-eval/blob/48cb78ecf7f610620206283846c76751b18a1326/exec_eval.py

order_matters
false
gold_rows
1105
second_rows
15429
gold_columns
1
second_columns
1

the class: multiplicity

The class states what makes these two results unequal under this rule, read off the two results and nothing else. It does not state which of the two statements is wrong.

how many rows each result holds, and how many rows both hold, from evidence-gold.json and evidence-second.json1,105 gold15,429 prediction0 rows both results hold
The gold returned 1,105 rows and the prediction 15,429. 0 rows occur in both results at least once.
gold_types
["text"]
second_types
["text"]
multiset_equal
false
set_equal
true
order_equal
false
shorter_result_is_a_prefix
false

The results

gold, 1,105 rows

from counterexample.json, 1,105 rows, 25 on this page

player_nametext
Antonio Candreva
Peter Whittingham
Marco Ruben
Raul Meireles
Felipe Gedoz
Francesco Lodi
Ahmed El Mohamady
Elliot Grandin
Moi Gomez
Benoit Cheyrou
Dario Vidosic
Ricardo Gardner
Lars Stindl
Lynel Kitambala
Emanuele Giaccherini
Luigi Pieroni
Tim Matavz
Raffael
Aritz Aduriz
Kevin de Bruyne
Jeremie Aliadiere
Souleymane Camara
Filippo Inzaghi
Antonio Di Natale
Jason Puncheon
second, 15,429 rows

from counterexample.json, 15,429 rows, 25 on this page

player_nametext
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah

The probes

A smell is a mechanical reason to read this gold statement again. It is a heuristic: it does not state that the statement is wrong, and a maintainer decides.

ordering-over-numeric-text not applicable

this statement orders by a text column holding only numbers, and ordering it as a number gives a different answer, so the gold may be sorting 9.5 above 10

the statement states no top level ORDER BY

what it measured 
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "reason": "the statement states no top level ORDER BY"
}

arbitrary-cut not applicable

this statement cuts its result at a LIMIT that does not decide which rows come back, so a different but equally correct statement can return other rows and score zero

the statement states no LIMIT

what it measured 
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "reason": "the statement states no LIMIT"
}

not-a-function-of-the-data quiet

rerun over the same rows in another physical order this statement gives another answer, so its result depends on how the rows are stored and not only on the data

what it measured 
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "rule": "R-SET",
  "baseline_result_hash": "sha256:62e29ab34660c506a9ef8785f0e034013c175e2d010b32396768fc32ea5f4383",
  "baseline_result": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "name": "player_name",
        "declared_type": "text"
      }
    ],
    "row_count": 1105,
    "truncated": false,
    "rows_shown": 10,
    "rows": [
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Antonio Candreva"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Peter Whittingham"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Marco Ruben"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Raul Meireles"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Felipe Gedoz"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Francesco Lodi"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Ahmed El Mohamady"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Elliot Grandin"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Moi Gomez"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Benoit Cheyrou"
        }
      ]
    ],
    "result_hash": "sha256:62e29ab34660c506a9ef8785f0e034013c175e2d010b32396768fc32ea5f4383"
  },
  "planner_statistics": {
    "player": {
      "last_analyze": "2026-09-14 12:51:04.298729+00",
      "last_autoanalyze": null,
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 0
    },
    "player_attributes": {
      "last_analyze": "2026-09-14 12:51:04.620709+00",
      "last_autoanalyze": null,
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 0
    }
  },
  "shuffle": {
    "seed": "1",
    "row_limit": 300000,
    "tables": [
      "player",
      "player_attributes"
    ],
    "tables_not_shuffled": [],
    "tables_skipped_for_size": {
      "laptimes": 400524,
      "legalities": 427907,
      "posthistory": 303155,
      "trans": 1056320,
      "yearmonth": 383282
    },
    "tables_not_reached_by_a_copy": {}
  },
  "shuffled_copies": {
    "run": true,
    "verdict": "equal",
    "differs": false,
    "result_hash": "sha256:ecf3e6ce42bf6d41eb543c30f371a3438d061dccb5d981f80801f019ca2028c1",
    "result": {
      "columns": [
        {
          "name": "player_name",
          "declared_type": "text"
        }
      ],
      "row_count": 1105,
      "truncated": false,
      "rows_shown": 10,
      "rows": [
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Bebe"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Giuseppe De Luca"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Antonio Candreva"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Baye Oumar Niasse"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Mounir El Hamdaoui"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Peter Whittingham"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Josip Ilicic"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Andre Hahn"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Nwankwo Kanu"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Oleg Iachtchouk"
          }
        ]
      ],
      "result_hash": "sha256:ecf3e6ce42bf6d41eb543c30f371a3438d061dccb5d981f80801f019ca2028c1"
    }
  },
  "plan_variant": {
    "run": false,
    "reason": "the plan variant was not asked for"
  }
}

duplicate-full-row not applicable

this statement returns the same whole row more than once and never says DISTINCT, so a statement answering the same question once per row disagrees on multiplicity alone

what it measured 
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "rows": 1105,
  "distinct_rows": 1105,
  "repeated_rows": 0,
  "largest_repeat": 1,
  "result_bounded": false,
  "distinct_stated": true,
  "set_operation": false,
  "not_applicable": "the statement states DISTINCT, so it cannot repeat a row"
}

The evidence records

gold: evidence-gold.json

SELECT DISTINCT t1.player_name FROM Player AS t1 INNER JOIN Player_Attributes AS t2 ON t1.player_api_id = t2.player_api_id WHERE t2.volleys > 70 AND t2.dribbling > 70
statement read from
data/questions/mini_dev_postgresql.json
digest
sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
origin
https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json, 2024-06-19

result_hash sha256:62e29ab34660c506a9ef8785f0e034013c175e2d010b32396768fc32ea5f4383 recomputed from this JSON: match

record_hash sha256:2f65975af2c7ae6c3f90f0712926df9581286e96fa786b4b648c3886b608c6a8 recomputed from this JSON: match

the result this record holds, 1,105 rows, 50 of them here

from evidence-gold.json, 1,105 rows, 50 on this page

player_nametext
Antonio Candreva
Peter Whittingham
Marco Ruben
Raul Meireles
Felipe Gedoz
Francesco Lodi
Ahmed El Mohamady
Elliot Grandin
Moi Gomez
Benoit Cheyrou
Dario Vidosic
Ricardo Gardner
Lars Stindl
Lynel Kitambala
Emanuele Giaccherini
Luigi Pieroni
Tim Matavz
Raffael
Aritz Aduriz
Kevin de Bruyne
Jeremie Aliadiere
Souleymane Camara
Filippo Inzaghi
Antonio Di Natale
Jason Puncheon
Fredy Montero
Brown Ideye
Rudolf Skacel
Marco Parolo
Carlos Mane
Hugo Rodallega
Luis Boa Morte
Orlando Engelaar
Kevin Kuranyi
Danko Lazovic
Gabi
Aloys Nong
Leon Osman
Munir El Haddadi
Pedro Rodriguez
Sabin Merino
Robbie Blake
Youssef El Arabi
Alassane Plea
Alvaro Morata
Simone Padoin
Eren Derdiyok
Ibson
Cameron Jerome
Jonathan Reis

The whole result is in evidence-gold.json, beside this page.

what ran, and where
run
audit-9b355c99-9acf-40fa-bbae-77763a9af221
executed at
2026-09-14T12:53:48.396352+00:00
data as of
2026-09-14T12:53:37.264547+00:00
backend at checkout
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
backend that answered
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
database role
auditor
replay rule
R-SET
question set version
sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
validator
audit:libpg_query-parse
checks run
parses_as_exactly_one_statement, the_one_statement_is_a_select, no_placeholder_without_a_bound_parameter
statement timeout
120000 ms
rows
1,105 rows
the session it ran under
engine
postgresql
time_zone
Etc/UTC
date_style
ISO, MDY
interval_style
postgres
extra_float_digits
1
database_collation
en_US.utf8
work_mem
4096
hash_mem_multiplier
2

recorded beside them

statement_timeout
0
server_version
16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2)
server_version_num
160015
transaction_read_only
on
max_parallel_workers_per_gather
2
server_encoding
UTF8
search_path
public
datlocprovider
c
daticulocale
datcollversion
2.41
the rendering and the data
version
attestql/audit/4
numeric_scale
6
timestamp_format
%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ
timezone
UTC
null_rendering
NULL
encoding
utf-8
schema digest
sha256:87b270d6a8bbd90cb1e8577d1d3e0aec65dd5c52bd7608e162d971b37e42d980
source file sha256
sha256:31b1da211849d24a57c9af7636da46a5b82fc8a3ca1542bb3ebd8775e9a31cec
rows in public.player
11060
rows in public.player_attributes
183978

second: evidence-second.json

SELECT Player.player_name
FROM Player
JOIN Player_Attributes ON Player.player_api_id = Player_Attributes.player_api_id
WHERE Player_Attributes.volleys > 70 AND Player_Attributes.dribbling > 70
statement read from
data/preds-pg/predict_mini_dev_gpt-4-turbo_postgresql.json
digest
sha256:428fd115a67a76d6312ea205aab64764b5a09444587588eda442a94cfee65211
origin
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bird-bench/mini_dev/b3d4bcbbae9a96934ad812551eb400c7a3b23c12/llm/exp_result/sql_output_kg/predict_mini_dev_gpt-4-turbo_postgresql.json, 2024-06-19

result_hash sha256:02acb6b0fe4fed0a89fe17a5480ba45979e64cc56cf142ee6946119b09ad76d6 recomputed from this JSON: match

record_hash sha256:9ccd706d3a5b9f94ca9daccb67bbdee7468488ed719fc721504bcd7b02f5caa6 recomputed from this JSON: match

the result this record holds, 15,429 rows, 50 of them here

from evidence-second.json, 15,429 rows, 50 on this page

player_nametext
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Krisztian Nemeth
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah
Kwadwo Asamoah

The whole result is in evidence-second.json, beside this page.

what ran, and where
run
audit-9b355c99-9acf-40fa-bbae-77763a9af221
executed at
2026-09-14T12:53:48.427323+00:00
data as of
2026-09-14T12:53:37.264547+00:00
backend at checkout
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
backend that answered
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
database role
auditor
replay rule
R-SET
question set version
sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
validator
audit:libpg_query-parse
checks run
parses_as_exactly_one_statement, the_one_statement_is_a_select, no_placeholder_without_a_bound_parameter
statement timeout
120000 ms
rows
15,429 rows
the session it ran under
engine
postgresql
time_zone
Etc/UTC
date_style
ISO, MDY
interval_style
postgres
extra_float_digits
1
database_collation
en_US.utf8
work_mem
4096
hash_mem_multiplier
2

recorded beside them

statement_timeout
0
server_version
16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2)
server_version_num
160015
transaction_read_only
on
max_parallel_workers_per_gather
2
server_encoding
UTF8
search_path
public
datlocprovider
c
daticulocale
datcollversion
2.41
the rendering and the data
version
attestql/audit/4
numeric_scale
6
timestamp_format
%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ
timezone
UTC
null_rendering
NULL
encoding
utf-8
schema digest
sha256:87b270d6a8bbd90cb1e8577d1d3e0aec65dd5c52bd7608e162d971b37e42d980
source file sha256
sha256:31b1da211849d24a57c9af7636da46a5b82fc8a3ca1542bb3ebd8775e9a31cec
rows in public.player
11060
rows in public.player_attributes
183978

Running these again

gold

re-run this statement read-only against PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird under the session settings and over the data this record's fixture digest names, and compare the two results under R-SET

second

re-run this statement read-only against PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird under the session settings and over the data this record's fixture digest names, and compare the two results under R-SET

This question's run

run
audit-9b355c99-9acf-40fa-bbae-77763a9af221
server
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
question set
mini_dev_postgresql from https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json
replay rule
R-SET

the run this question belongs to

The JSON this page was rendered from