q528

R-SET NOT_EQUAL

card_games · mini_dev_postgresql from https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json

The question

List the names of all the cards in the set Hour of Devastation and find the formats in which these cards are legal.

the hint the set supplies: the set Hour of Devastation refers to set.name = 'Hour of Devastation'; names of all the cards in the set refers to cards.name; legal cards refers to status = 'Legal'; the formats refers to format

NOT_EQUAL states that these two statements disagree on this data under this rule. It does not state which of them is wrong.

read by hand, 2026-09-04: B harmless: one distinct row repeated; DISTINCT added by the prediction; a list under twice the answer with every row present

1,664 distinct rows, 1,890 rows

a maintainer's reading of this question, out of classification.json, copied from plans/reports/prediction-mode-260904-real-predictions/classification.json. It is not a verdict and nothing above it was computed from it.

The two statements name their result columns differently. A projection is compared by position and declared type, so these names did not decide the verdict. They are part of the canonical rendering each result is hashed under, so the two result hashes differ with them.

gold
name, case
prediction
name, format

The statements

gold

SELECT DISTINCT T2.name, CASE WHEN T1.status = 'Legal' THEN T1.format ELSE NULL END FROM legalities AS T1 INNER JOIN cards AS T2 ON T2.uuid = T1.uuid WHERE T2.setCode IN (SELECT code FROM sets WHERE name = 'Hour of Devastation')

this statement states no ordering of its own

sha256:0bda0d36a273a73fab105ca4b40c60a268a6b7a49dc1294c6465c18489faa92d

second

SELECT cards.name, legalities.format
FROM cards
JOIN sets ON cards.setcode = sets.code
JOIN legalities ON cards.uuid = legalities.uuid
WHERE sets.name = 'Hour of Devastation' AND legalities.status = 'Legal'

this statement states no ordering of its own

sha256:867b1e3793710011e2be8cc1260ae2cbf8535bce9e07d29642d97dccb42bb939

The marked tokens are where the two texts differ. Two statements that differ everywhere can return the same rows, and two that differ in one token can return other rows; the verdict above is read off the results.

The rows they differ in

in gold, not in the prediction, 0 rows

from counterexample.json, 0 rows, up to 25 shown per side

side nametext casetext
no rows

in the prediction, not in gold, 226 rows

from counterexample.json, 226 rows, up to 25 shown per side, 25 on this page

sidetimes nametext formattext
second2 Forest brawl
second2 Forest commander
second2 Forest duel
second2 Forest future
second2 Forest gladiator
second2 Forest historic
second2 Forest legacy
second2 Forest modern
second2 Forest pauper
second2 Forest penny
second2 Forest pioneer
second2 Forest premodern
second2 Forest standard
second2 Forest vintage
second2 Island brawl
second2 Island commander
second2 Island duel
second2 Island future
second2 Island gladiator
second2 Island historic
second2 Island legacy
second2 Island modern
second2 Island pauper
second2 Island penny
second2 Island pioneer

What the benchmark would have said

BIRD's own check: 1

set(second_rows) == set(gold_rows), float4/float8 cells as Python float as psycopg2 returns them, numeric as Decimal

https://github.com/bird-bench/mini_dev/blob/main/evaluation/evaluation_ex.py

gold_rows
1664
second_rows
1890
gold_distinct_rows
1664
second_distinct_rows
1664

the test-suite check: 0

result_eq: equal row counts and equal column counts, each row unordered as a quick rejection, then the two equal as a list when the gold text holds ORDER BY and as a multiset otherwise, under some permutation of the columns; DISTINCT is not stripped and re-executed, and the cells are PostgreSQL's as psycopg2 returns them

ruiqi-zhong/test-suite-sql-eval, exec_eval.py, result_eq, at commit 48cb78ec: https://github.com/ruiqi-zhong/test-suite-sql-eval/blob/48cb78ecf7f610620206283846c76751b18a1326/exec_eval.py

order_matters
false
gold_rows
1664
second_rows
1890
gold_columns
2
second_columns
2

the class: multiplicity

The class states what makes these two results unequal under this rule, read off the two results and nothing else. It does not state which of the two statements is wrong.

how many rows each result holds, and how many rows both hold, from evidence-gold.json and evidence-second.json1,664 gold1,890 prediction15 rows both results hold
The gold returned 1,664 rows and the prediction 1,890. 15 rows occur in both results at least once.
gold_types
["text", "text"]
second_types
["text", "text"]
multiset_equal
false
set_equal
true
order_equal
false
shorter_result_is_a_prefix
false

The results

gold, 1,664 rows

from counterexample.json, 1,664 rows, 25 on this page

nametext casetext
Abandoned Sarcophagus commander
Abandoned Sarcophagus duel
Abandoned Sarcophagus gladiator
Abandoned Sarcophagus historic
Abandoned Sarcophagus legacy
Abandoned Sarcophagus modern
Abandoned Sarcophagus penny
Abandoned Sarcophagus pioneer
Abandoned Sarcophagus vintage
Abrade commander
Abrade duel
Abrade gladiator
Abrade historic
Abrade legacy
Abrade modern
Abrade pauper
Abrade pioneer
Abrade vintage
Accursed Horde commander
Accursed Horde duel
Accursed Horde legacy
Accursed Horde modern
Accursed Horde pioneer
Accursed Horde vintage
Act of Heroism commander
second, 1,890 rows

from counterexample.json, 1,890 rows, 25 on this page

nametext formattext
Act of Heroism commander
Act of Heroism duel
Act of Heroism legacy
Act of Heroism modern
Act of Heroism pauper
Act of Heroism penny
Act of Heroism pioneer
Act of Heroism vintage
Adorned Pouncer commander
Adorned Pouncer duel
Adorned Pouncer legacy
Adorned Pouncer modern
Adorned Pouncer penny
Adorned Pouncer pioneer
Adorned Pouncer vintage
Angel of Condemnation commander
Angel of Condemnation duel
Angel of Condemnation legacy
Angel of Condemnation modern
Angel of Condemnation penny
Angel of Condemnation pioneer
Angel of Condemnation vintage
Angel of the God-Pharaoh commander
Angel of the God-Pharaoh duel
Angel of the God-Pharaoh legacy

The probes

A smell is a mechanical reason to read this gold statement again. It is a heuristic: it does not state that the statement is wrong, and a maintainer decides.

ordering-over-numeric-text not applicable

this statement orders by a text column holding only numbers, and ordering it as a number gives a different answer, so the gold may be sorting 9.5 above 10

the statement states no top level ORDER BY

what it measured
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "reason": "the statement states no top level ORDER BY"
}

arbitrary-cut not applicable

this statement cuts its result at a LIMIT that does not decide which rows come back, so a different but equally correct statement can return other rows and score zero

the statement states no LIMIT

what it measured
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "reason": "the statement states no LIMIT"
}

not-a-function-of-the-data quiet

rerun over the same rows in another physical order this statement gives another answer, so its result depends on how the rows are stored and not only on the data

what it measured
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "rule": "R-SET",
  "baseline_result_hash": "sha256:0bda0d36a273a73fab105ca4b40c60a268a6b7a49dc1294c6465c18489faa92d",
  "baseline_result": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "name": "name",
        "declared_type": "text"
      },
      {
        "name": "case",
        "declared_type": "text"
      }
    ],
    "row_count": 1664,
    "truncated": false,
    "rows_shown": 10,
    "rows": [
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "commander"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "duel"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "gladiator"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "historic"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "legacy"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "modern"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "penny"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "pioneer"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "vintage"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Abrade"
        },
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "commander"
        }
      ]
    ],
    "result_hash": "sha256:0bda0d36a273a73fab105ca4b40c60a268a6b7a49dc1294c6465c18489faa92d"
  },
  "planner_statistics": {
    "legalities": {
      "last_analyze": "2026-09-14 12:51:02.918986+00",
      "last_autoanalyze": null,
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 0
    },
    "cards": {
      "last_analyze": "2026-09-14 12:50:59.330452+00",
      "last_autoanalyze": null,
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 0
    },
    "sets": {
      "last_analyze": "2026-09-14 12:51:05.012619+00",
      "last_autoanalyze": null,
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 0
    }
  },
  "shuffle": {
    "seed": "1",
    "row_limit": 300000,
    "tables": [
      "legalities",
      "cards",
      "sets"
    ],
    "tables_not_shuffled": [
      "legalities"
    ],
    "tables_skipped_for_size": {
      "laptimes": 400524,
      "legalities": 427907,
      "posthistory": 303155,
      "trans": 1056320,
      "yearmonth": 383282
    },
    "tables_not_reached_by_a_copy": {}
  },
  "shuffled_copies": {
    "run": true,
    "verdict": "equal",
    "differs": false,
    "result_hash": "sha256:0bda0d36a273a73fab105ca4b40c60a268a6b7a49dc1294c6465c18489faa92d",
    "result": {
      "columns": [
        {
          "name": "name",
          "declared_type": "text"
        },
        {
          "name": "case",
          "declared_type": "text"
        }
      ],
      "row_count": 1664,
      "truncated": false,
      "rows_shown": 10,
      "rows": [
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "commander"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "duel"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "gladiator"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "historic"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "legacy"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "modern"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "penny"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "pioneer"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abandoned Sarcophagus"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "vintage"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Abrade"
          },
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "commander"
          }
        ]
      ],
      "result_hash": "sha256:0bda0d36a273a73fab105ca4b40c60a268a6b7a49dc1294c6465c18489faa92d"
    }
  },
  "plan_variant": {
    "run": false,
    "reason": "the plan variant was not asked for"
  }
}

duplicate-full-row not applicable

this statement returns the same whole row more than once and never says DISTINCT, so a statement answering the same question once per row disagrees on multiplicity alone

what it measured
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "rows": 1664,
  "distinct_rows": 1664,
  "repeated_rows": 0,
  "largest_repeat": 1,
  "result_bounded": false,
  "distinct_stated": true,
  "set_operation": false,
  "not_applicable": "the statement states DISTINCT, so it cannot repeat a row"
}

The evidence records

gold: evidence-gold.json

SELECT DISTINCT T2.name, CASE WHEN T1.status = 'Legal' THEN T1.format ELSE NULL END FROM legalities AS T1 INNER JOIN cards AS T2 ON T2.uuid = T1.uuid WHERE T2.setCode IN (SELECT code FROM sets WHERE name = 'Hour of Devastation')
statement read from
data/questions/mini_dev_postgresql.json
digest
sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
origin
https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json, 2024-06-19

result_hash sha256:0bda0d36a273a73fab105ca4b40c60a268a6b7a49dc1294c6465c18489faa92d recomputed from this JSON: match

record_hash sha256:cb866772e59ab8c6d847b6e2c64dd092b252cdb6aae2835d7727e044da8c0a9f recomputed from this JSON: match

the result this record holds, 1,664 rows, 50 of them here

from evidence-gold.json, 1,664 rows, 50 on this page

nametext casetext
Abandoned Sarcophagus commander
Abandoned Sarcophagus duel
Abandoned Sarcophagus gladiator
Abandoned Sarcophagus historic
Abandoned Sarcophagus legacy
Abandoned Sarcophagus modern
Abandoned Sarcophagus penny
Abandoned Sarcophagus pioneer
Abandoned Sarcophagus vintage
Abrade commander
Abrade duel
Abrade gladiator
Abrade historic
Abrade legacy
Abrade modern
Abrade pauper
Abrade pioneer
Abrade vintage
Accursed Horde commander
Accursed Horde duel
Accursed Horde legacy
Accursed Horde modern
Accursed Horde pioneer
Accursed Horde vintage
Act of Heroism commander
Act of Heroism duel
Act of Heroism legacy
Act of Heroism modern
Act of Heroism pauper
Act of Heroism penny
Act of Heroism pioneer
Act of Heroism vintage
Adorned Pouncer commander
Adorned Pouncer duel
Adorned Pouncer legacy
Adorned Pouncer modern
Adorned Pouncer penny
Adorned Pouncer pioneer
Adorned Pouncer vintage
Aerial Guide commander
Aerial Guide duel
Aerial Guide gladiator
Aerial Guide historic
Aerial Guide legacy
Aerial Guide modern
Aerial Guide pauper
Aerial Guide penny
Aerial Guide pioneer
Aerial Guide vintage
Ambuscade commander

The whole result is in evidence-gold.json, beside this page.

what ran, and where
run
audit-1c5c4146-3c91-4f05-b723-3cd43ed41d51
executed at
2026-09-14T12:52:54.452451+00:00
data as of
2026-09-14T12:52:24.461204+00:00
backend at checkout
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
backend that answered
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
database role
auditor
replay rule
R-SET
question set version
sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
validator
audit:libpg_query-parse
checks run
parses_as_exactly_one_statement, the_one_statement_is_a_select, no_placeholder_without_a_bound_parameter
statement timeout
120000 ms
rows
1,664 rows
the session it ran under
engine
postgresql
time_zone
Etc/UTC
date_style
ISO, MDY
interval_style
postgres
extra_float_digits
1
database_collation
en_US.utf8
work_mem
4096
hash_mem_multiplier
2

recorded beside them

statement_timeout
0
server_version
16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2)
server_version_num
160015
transaction_read_only
on
max_parallel_workers_per_gather
2
server_encoding
UTF8
search_path
public
datlocprovider
c
daticulocale
datcollversion
2.41
the rendering and the data
version
attestql/audit/4
numeric_scale
6
timestamp_format
%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ
timezone
UTC
null_rendering
NULL
encoding
utf-8
schema digest
sha256:1d09188e444dd9b585346db663f2f82a346ff524d295735eeb1899b50bcb2b00
source file sha256
sha256:31b1da211849d24a57c9af7636da46a5b82fc8a3ca1542bb3ebd8775e9a31cec
rows in public.cards
56822
rows in public.legalities
427907
rows in public.sets
551

second: evidence-second.json

SELECT cards.name, legalities.format
FROM cards
JOIN sets ON cards.setcode = sets.code
JOIN legalities ON cards.uuid = legalities.uuid
WHERE sets.name = 'Hour of Devastation' AND legalities.status = 'Legal'
statement read from
data/preds-pg/predict_mini_dev_gpt-35-turbo_postgresql.json
digest
sha256:fa363fe3c3fc45d97cb47e6ec15133b291acccd750e5136b6e7b4d1c8d13a4be
origin
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bird-bench/mini_dev/b3d4bcbbae9a96934ad812551eb400c7a3b23c12/llm/exp_result/sql_output_kg/predict_mini_dev_gpt-35-turbo_postgresql.json, 2024-06-19

result_hash sha256:867b1e3793710011e2be8cc1260ae2cbf8535bce9e07d29642d97dccb42bb939 recomputed from this JSON: match

record_hash sha256:54a0d7c9a832706c2bd659dfa246a8339f9a55581d87db7c4a41a8bee6ab5894 recomputed from this JSON: match

the result this record holds, 1,890 rows, 50 of them here

from evidence-second.json, 1,890 rows, 50 on this page

nametext formattext
Act of Heroism commander
Act of Heroism duel
Act of Heroism legacy
Act of Heroism modern
Act of Heroism pauper
Act of Heroism penny
Act of Heroism pioneer
Act of Heroism vintage
Adorned Pouncer commander
Adorned Pouncer duel
Adorned Pouncer legacy
Adorned Pouncer modern
Adorned Pouncer penny
Adorned Pouncer pioneer
Adorned Pouncer vintage
Angel of Condemnation commander
Angel of Condemnation duel
Angel of Condemnation legacy
Angel of Condemnation modern
Angel of Condemnation penny
Angel of Condemnation pioneer
Angel of Condemnation vintage
Angel of the God-Pharaoh commander
Angel of the God-Pharaoh duel
Angel of the God-Pharaoh legacy
Angel of the God-Pharaoh modern
Angel of the God-Pharaoh penny
Angel of the God-Pharaoh pioneer
Angel of the God-Pharaoh vintage
Aven of Enduring Hope commander
Aven of Enduring Hope duel
Aven of Enduring Hope gladiator
Aven of Enduring Hope historic
Aven of Enduring Hope legacy
Aven of Enduring Hope modern
Aven of Enduring Hope pauper
Aven of Enduring Hope penny
Aven of Enduring Hope pioneer
Aven of Enduring Hope vintage
Crested Sunmare commander
Crested Sunmare duel
Crested Sunmare gladiator
Crested Sunmare historic
Crested Sunmare legacy
Crested Sunmare modern
Crested Sunmare pioneer
Crested Sunmare vintage
Dauntless Aven commander
Dauntless Aven duel
Dauntless Aven gladiator

The whole result is in evidence-second.json, beside this page.

what ran, and where
run
audit-1c5c4146-3c91-4f05-b723-3cd43ed41d51
executed at
2026-09-14T12:52:54.523931+00:00
data as of
2026-09-14T12:52:24.461204+00:00
backend at checkout
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
backend that answered
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
database role
auditor
replay rule
R-SET
question set version
sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
validator
audit:libpg_query-parse
checks run
parses_as_exactly_one_statement, the_one_statement_is_a_select, no_placeholder_without_a_bound_parameter
statement timeout
120000 ms
rows
1,890 rows
the session it ran under
engine
postgresql
time_zone
Etc/UTC
date_style
ISO, MDY
interval_style
postgres
extra_float_digits
1
database_collation
en_US.utf8
work_mem
4096
hash_mem_multiplier
2

recorded beside them

statement_timeout
0
server_version
16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2)
server_version_num
160015
transaction_read_only
on
max_parallel_workers_per_gather
2
server_encoding
UTF8
search_path
public
datlocprovider
c
daticulocale
datcollversion
2.41
the rendering and the data
version
attestql/audit/4
numeric_scale
6
timestamp_format
%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ
timezone
UTC
null_rendering
NULL
encoding
utf-8
schema digest
sha256:1d09188e444dd9b585346db663f2f82a346ff524d295735eeb1899b50bcb2b00
source file sha256
sha256:31b1da211849d24a57c9af7636da46a5b82fc8a3ca1542bb3ebd8775e9a31cec
rows in public.cards
56822
rows in public.legalities
427907
rows in public.sets
551

Running these again

gold

re-run this statement read-only against PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird under the session settings and over the data this record's fixture digest names, and compare the two results under R-SET

second

re-run this statement read-only against PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird under the session settings and over the data this record's fixture digest names, and compare the two results under R-SET

This question's run

run
audit-1c5c4146-3c91-4f05-b723-3cd43ed41d51
server
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
question set
mini_dev_postgresql from https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json
replay rule
R-SET

the run this question belongs to

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